Most are quite horrendous, but I make no apologies for warning of the dangers of untreated gout. If you are in the unlucky position of having gout, you have all my sympathies. Until you experience that agony of a gout flare, you never truly understand gout. Yet we often bury our heads, and leave gout untreated for years.

Is it fear of daily meds? Is it lack of understanding? Is it simply that we cannot tolerate a cure?

Despite the advances in science that mean we can now control gout, there is a tiny minority who cannot tolerate common uric acid lowering treatment. If you do not get uric acid to safe concentration, you are doomed to continuous growth of tophi. You might treat the pain, but can you control the gout?

Pain relief without uric acid control means more and more uric acid crystals that will eventually show themselves as gouty tophi.

I have shown many terrible tophi photographs here. I want you to realize that untreated gout is serious.

Gout treatment, however, has it’s limitations. What do you do if you are in that tiny minority who cannot tolerate mainstream uric acid lowering treatment?

The good news is: help is at hand.

Rather than trying to expel more uric acid with uricosurics like probenecid, or inhibit uric acid production with xanthine oxidase inhibitors like allopurinol or febuxostat (Uloric/Adenuric), why not simply convert uric acid to something less harmful?

During my years of gout, and my search for gout freedom, I have been fascinated by the development of what is now known as Krystexxa. The easiest way for you to track that development is to search for puricase, PEG-uricase, pegloticase, or Krystexxa, in the search box above. Those are the labels for a remarkable gout medication during various stages of development.

Like any scientific research, the studies of the development of Krystexxa can be tedious at times. What makes it really interesting are these before and after photographs of tophi in a gout patient treated with pegloticase.

Here, we have a situation where uric acid has a difficult time. In other gout treatments it is encouraged to leave the body, or discouraged from being produced. With Krystexxa, uric acid disappears. It is converted to other harmless compounds, so the treatment gives remarkably low levels of uric acid in the blood. At those levels, tophi cease to be a long-term threat. As the pictures show, they simply melt.

Later, I will review the report on Krystexxa that contains these photographs of shrinking tophi. but for today, I simply want to share with you, the clear knowledge that a low level of uric acid will cause tophi to shrink. It may take longer with allopurinol or Uloric, but those gouty lumps will go. Just make sure you get your uric acid concentration low enough. The upper limit is 5mg/dL (0.30mmol/L), but going lower for a year or so will shrink those tophi faster.

Don’t miss out on the Krystexxa report, or other news about gout. Subscribe to my free update service, and ensure you stay in-touch with the latest developments in gout treatment.

Leave this Tophi Picture to browse more information on Tophaceous Gout…

I speak of resolving gout, as it cannot really be cured. Medics speak of controlling gout. I often speak of fixing gout, or finding gout freedom. There are a few cases of secondary gout, i.e. gout caused by another health condition or it’s treatment. In these cases, curing the underlying condition may well cure the gout, but for most of us we cannot expect a cure.

I do not think that matters. What matters to me is that, with a simple treatment program (or occasionally a complex treatment program), we can live an active life, free from pain, and free from the fear of pain.

When I started GoutPal.com, it was mainly to find my understanding of gout, and ways to cope with it. Seven years on, I have found my gout freedom. The help, encouragement, and support from members of the gout forum community has been invaluable to me, as they have to many others.

With current reorganization of the gout forum, many messages of thanks will be lost. I will try to preserve some of these messages here. If you want to add new messages of thanks for resolving your gout, the new gout forums are open. I am busy adding new features to these, but even now, they offer all the support of the old forums in an easy-to-use question and answer format. The ‘Please Tell Me’ buttons near the top and bottom of every page give you a quick way to share your feelings, opinions, experiences or questions about resolving your gout.

At the risk of blowing my own trumpet, I will admit to a large amount of pride in the following messages. Some of this is personal pride, but mostly it is because I am proud to be a member of this friendly, supportive, gout community. Only today, I have seen one selfless gout patient offering unneeded colchicine free to people struggling to afford the Colcrys brand. The team spirit is humbling, but there is a more important back story.

The gout sufferer has donated his unneeded colchicine because he has resolved his gout. If you are in pain now, can you imagine how good it must feel to be so certain of your treatment, that you can give the gout pain meds away? The contributions from people who had fixed their gout kept me going when I needed it. The following messages will prove that you can resolve your gout and live a pain-free, worry-free, life. You do not need to spend 100s of dollars on foolish reports or snake-oil remedies. Just work with your doctor to find an inexpensive treatment program. The gout forum members will help you find a treatment program that is right for you. They will support you through every stage of it. Great gout friends, not greedy gout profiteers.

Resolving Gout Messages

From gout hater, March 2012

Thank You

Thank you to everyone here who has shared their story about gout. [...] The gout is now gone from left foot and both knees, but not from right foot hopefully it will be gone soon.

Again THANK YOU to everyone that shared their journey and knowledge, without this I would not have been able to ask to right questions

Update and thank you message

So as I am busy living my life you might not see many posts from me in the future. Instead of just disappearing I wanted to say a proper goodbye to you all and a big thank you.

Gout sucks! GoutPal rocks! THANK YOU! THANK YOU! THANK YOU!

Did I mention thank you!? I think I am finally over the hump of gout suffering. Thank you GoutPal for creating and maintaining this site. [...] We have a tablecloth we use for Thanksgiving and on it, we write what we are grateful for. This year I’m going to write “being able to walk without a cane and able to play with my kids.”

Resolving Gout: Next Steps

I’m going to take a break now, before the tears of joy damage the keyboard. I will return with more thanks for resolving gout, later.

If you are not resolving your gout, the next step is pretty obvious – join the gout forum and get the help you need.

There are a few rough edges as I move things, change formats, and improve features, but as I said on Facebook earlier today: the great gouty helpful spirit lingers on.…

It started with a forum member asking:

A couple times I have massaged the toe joint and it felt like perhaps I was able to break up the crystals a bit. Not sure if that can really happen or if I imagined it. So, my questions are: 1) can you really break down the crystals by manually massaging the joint? 2) if so, should you? Would that help break it down and assist in the process or is it doing more harm than good?

Inevitably, as forum discussions tend to do, there is talk of supporting the gout massage with hot baths, which in turn leads to discussion of what to put in the bathwater. But this misses the fundamental question: does massage help gout, or will massaging gout cause more problems?

Firstly, as with any aspect of gout treatment, your first call should be to your doctor. Your doctor is the only person qualified to assess your individual medical status, and likely response to massage.

Following that, I would like to move on to general advice about gout and massage, backed up by references to scientific studies. Unfortunately, there are none. Of course, if you know of something I have missed, click the ‘Please Tell Me’ button, and let me know. I have seen some general advice about massage and inflammation, but before I explain that, let me explore one aspect of gout that is commonly misleading – sharp uric acid crystals.

Gout Massage & Uric Acid Crystals

A point was raised that massaging a gouty joint could cause damage from sharp uric acid crystals. Uric acid crystals, when seen through a microscope, are appropriately described as pointed, needle-like, or sharp. Whilst this is true, shape is irrelevant. Gout is caused by an immune system response to invading uric acid crystals, in a similar way to the response to invading viruses or bacteria. You can see this in action if you use the box above to search for white blood cells. There you will see that, at this microscopic level, shape does not matter. Cells are not punctured by sharp crystals. Cells will engulf invaders of any shape, but can only deal with one (maybe two). If they meet more, they call for reinforcements, and that triggers the inflammation and pain that we feel.

Now it might be that massage is a bad treatment of gout due to this inflammation process, but it has absolutely nothing to do with the shape of the uric acid crystal.

Gout Massage & Inflammation

Every professional massage guideline that I have seen says that massage should be avoided completely if there is any inflammation anywhere in the body. Beyond that, areas that have been subject to inflammation in the past should not be massaged.

That seems pretty clear to me. Unless your doctor advises specific medical reasons why your individual case history warrants an override, stick to the best general advice and avoid massaging gouty joints.

Gout Massage: Next Steps

You can see that, until the scientists investigate specific effects of massage on gout, we are probably better playing safe, and stick to gout treatments that have been proved to be effective and safe.

If you have questions about gout and massage, enter your question into the search box to see if we are already discussing a similar massage topic. Alternatively, click the Please Tell Me button.…

Tophi In The Right Foot

An article titled “An Unusual Soft Tissue Tumor”^[1] grabbed my attention. Tumor has terrible connotations and I was worried what I might find.

As it turns out, not as bad as I imagined, but still quite horrific. First, the definition of tumor:

1. A swelling of a part of the body, generally without inflammation, caused by an abnormal growth of tissue, whether benign or malignant.
2. A swelling of any kind.

Apart from the “generally without inflammation” that is a fair description of tophaceous gout. In this respect, inflammation is a tricky aspect. Sometimes tophi are accompanied by inflammation, but often they are not. The report notes:

Tophaceous uric acid deposits are an important differential diagnosis when evaluating benign soft tissue masses, even in the absence of a history of inflammatory arthritis

It is quite common, due to the way uric acid deposits form, for people to experience tophi without ever getting typical acute gout flares in the joints. Please see tophaceous gout for explanations.

Right Foot Tophi

A 63-year-old man presented with a slow-growing tumor on the front of the sole of the right foot. The mass was firm, painless, and attached directly by it’s base. There was no history of trauma or previous arthritis.

Dual Energy Computed Tomography (DECT) of the right foot was performed on a dual-source CT scanner at 140 kVp and 80 kVp tube potential.

Feet Tophi: Next Steps

There are other tophi images within this Gout Symptoms section, and you can find them quickly by searching for gout crystals in the box above. If you have photographs of tophi or other gout-related images, please share your gout pictures.

To learn when I add new gout crystals images, please subscribe to my free update service:

Leave Feet Tophi to browse the Gout Symptoms pages

Feet Tophi References

1. Title: An unusual soft tissue tumor. Authors: Akkara Veetil BM, Bongartz T. Published: J Rheumatol. 2010 Jun;37(6):1269-70.
…

Tophaceous Gout: Causes

Uric acid crystals tend to form slowly. In many people, this means that they do not get the excruciating painful gout flare that results from the immune system being overwhelmed by an invasion of crystals. Instead, the isolated crystals are engulfed by white blood cells, and are no longer seen as a threat. This is similar to the process used by our immune system to defeat invading bacteria and viruses. In those cases, the invaders disintegrate after attack by white blood cells, and the resulting debris is absorbed or excreted.

As uric acid crystals are not living cells, they cannot die, but the coating from white blood cells renders them invisible to the immune system. They are no longer a threat, but they have to go somewhere. They either eat into your cartilage, tendons, and bone, destroying joints, or they form lumps in soft tissue giving tophaceous gout.

Tophaceous Gout: Symptoms

The lumps are collectively called tophi, with a single lump being a tophus. As well as the disfiguring appearance, tophi can restrict movement, and may burst through the skin causing pain and risking infection in the resulting wound. If lumps are opened, either by accidental trauma, or deliberate lancing, they usually exude a chalky substance that looks like toothpaste.

As uric acid crystals form more readily at colder temperatures, tophi are usually found in the extremities, particularly the ears, fingers and toes. However, they can grow anywhere, so it is important to get unknown growths checked by your doctor as soon as possible.

Tophaceous Gout: Diagnosis

Diagnosis is straightforward, and reflects the standard for diagnosing gout in general. The test is to analyze a sample from a tophus under polarizing microscope which will reveal uric acid crystals if gout is present.

There are new imaging technologies that can reveal uric acid crystals in the body without the invasive sampling processes. DECT is the best of these, but availability is very limited. Ultrasound techniques are improving to recognize patterns from uric acid deposits, but again, access to advanced techniques is limited. For most patients, the analysis of samples is the only practical option, but this is painless if managed by a competent, experienced health professional.

Tophaceous Gout: Next Steps

Now you know what tophaceous gout is, your next step is to get it treated. Many people shy away from seeking treatment because they fear the tophaceous tumors. You should not fear them, but you should fear the likelihood of similar growths hidden within the joints where they cause permanent damage. See a doctor immediately. Maximum doses of the uric acid lowering medications described in the Gout Treatment sections are usually very effective at shrinking tophi. You should also discuss pain relief with your doctor for the early stages of that treatment, as lowering uric acid can cause gout flares from dissolving crystals.

Left untreated, existing tophi will grow larger, and will spread to more places in your body. I collect photographs and images of tophaceous gout, which you can find by searching for gout crystals in the search box at the top of each page.

Leave Tophaceous Gout to browse other Gout Symptoms pages…

Many people worry about gout and alcohol. Daily gout diet forum topics include questions similar to “What Is The Best Alcoholic Beverage To Drink With Gout?”

The first thing I have to know is, “Why are you asking?”

Do you think alcohol is causing your gout, making it worse, or affecting your treatment, and why do you think one form of alcohol is different from another?

Before I begin, this is not one of my explanation articles. It is more a quest to clarify how you think about alcohol related to gout. As such, I will not be referring to specific gout research, though I may mention some facts or views in general terms. Once the issues are clarified through better forum discussions, I may publish specific guidelines based on medically acceptable evidence.

I have started reviewing the gout forum discussions about alcohol related to gout, and the situation is not good. Everybody seems to want to jump on the bandwagon and express their own feelings about alcohol. Often these bear no relationship to gout.

The biggest danger is from people with an alcohol fixation, or even a dependency. This is quite outside the scope of a gout support service. If you have health issues with alcohol, these need to be dealt with in conjunction with your doctor or a suitably qualified clinic.

Assuming you simply want to enjoy the social pleasures of alcohol, but worry about the effect on your gout, then you must be clear if you are worried about your symptoms, treatment, or diet.

Gout Symptoms, Causes And Alcohol

Many people believe that gout can be caused by excess alcohol. Some studies implicate alcohol as a contributory factor. If you feel this may be the case, then the easy way to find out is to stop drinking alcohol. If you suffer less gout, then you have an answer, but only a partial one. You should be more concerned with keeping uric acid in the blood at a safe level. If you have had a confirmed gout diagnosis, then the safe level is 5mg/dL (0.30 mmol/L). You cannot judge your alcohol abstinence by lack of pain alone, because uric acid crystals can form very slowly if the concentration in your blood is above the safe level. This will lead to gout attacks in future, and joint damage, so be certain that you check uric acid before and during alcohol abstinence.

There are also concerns that continuous high intake of alcohol can influence gout via kidney impairment, but this is moving into the realms of alcoholism, and certainly beyond the scope of a gout website.

Alcohol And Gout Diet

My guidelines for judging gout diet apply to alcohol. You cannot assess if a single food item or beverage is good or bad for gout. You must assess total diet with regard to purines, calories, iron, and good eating habits, as described in the Gout Diet pages. Once you do that, if the contribution of alcohol in your diet makes your diet poor, then correct it by replacing alcoholic beverages along with improving other weaknesses.

Alcohol And Gout Treatment

The best approach to alcohol and your gout treatment is to start by reading the labels. If alcohol restrictions are included in the medicine instructions, then follow them. If in doubt, consult your doctor or pharmacist.

We have a specific debate about allopurinol and alcohol, but any gout treatment should prompt a look at alcohol. It seems that the percentage of gout-specific drugs affected by alcohol is quite small. However the biggest problem is that excess alcohol is a very common reason for non-compliance. In the afterglow of a drinks session, it seems that many gout patients simply forget to take their gout medications. As a one-off, this is not serious, but constantly missing meds leads to under-dosing, and this can be very serious.

Best Alcohol For Gout

Because of the lack of clarity, we get a lot of discussions about the best choice of alcohol for gout patients. In my opinion, this is nonsense, but given the high profile of this issue, even within the medical profession, I feel I should explain.

In terms of alcohol consumption, it is ridiculous to ask if beer is better than cider, liqueur better than wine, or vodka better than whiskey. We even get questions about mead! For alcohol consumption, the important values are the strength of the drink, and the daily consumption. If alcohol affects uric acid processing in the kidneys, then the rate and strength are most likely to be the biggest influence on gout. Therefore you should think about the strength of the drinks you take, and if you are concerned about alcohol, lower the strength of the drink by adding mixers, or choose a lower strength alternative. The issues become clouded when you consider other properties of alcoholic beverages. For instance, beers contain purines that might be bad, and red wine contains micro-nutrients that may be good. But this simply brings us back to my advice in alcohol and the causes of gout.

The only way to determine if one drink is better than another is to test your uric acid. Stick to one drink for at least two weeks, test your uric acid, then switch to a different drink. Retest after at least 2 weeks, then repeat as often as it takes to get reliable results. If you do this, please share your results in the gout forum, where you can also get advice on establishing test procedures that will produce the best results.

Gout And Alcohol: Next Steps

As you can see, we need to be clear about which aspect of gout we are concerned about when addressing gout issues. You can join the gout and alcohol debate, or ask specific questions in the gout forum. The easiest way is to click the ‘Please Tell Me button,’ but be sure to be clear if you are referring to alcohol relating to gout symptoms, gout treatment, gout diet, or something else. There is no specific link between alcohol and gout, so explain your personal circumstances and the aspect of your gout that concerns you. That way, we can discuss gout in a meaningful way – and get some meaningful answers.…

Coffee And Gout Report Abstract

This is a layman’s summary of:

Title

Coffee Consumption and Risk of Incident Gout in Men

Authors

Choi HK, Willett W, Curhan G.

Published

Arthritis Rheum. 2007 Jun;56(6):2049-55.

Objective

Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world and may affect the risk of gout via various mechanisms. We prospectively evaluated the relationship between coffee intake and the risk of incident gout in a large cohort of men.

Methods

Over a 12-year period, we studied 45,869 men with no history of gout at baseline. Intake of coffee, decaffeinated coffee, tea, and total caffeine was assessed every 4 years through validated questionnaires. We used a supplementary questionnaire to ascertain whether participants met the American College of Rheumatology survey criteria for gout.

Results

We documented 757 confirmed incident cases of gout. Increasing coffee intake was associated with a decreasing risk of gout. The relative risks for gout were compared in multiple coffee consumption categories:

Total caffeine from all sources and tea intake were not associated with the risk of gout.

Conclusion

These prospective data suggest that long-term coffee consumption is associated with a lower risk of incident gout.

Coffee And Gout Report

Background

The report starts with explanation of the prevalence of gout^[1-5], and the suggestion that coffee may be associated with uric acid in the blood^[6], and insulin resistance^[7-14]. Given the prevalence of coffee consumption, around 2 cups per day on average for American citizens^[14-15], this is an important issue.

The report includes several references to possible reasons why coffee may be associated with gout^[16-29]. It highlights other studies that report associations between coffee and gout^[6][30].

Study Design

The study uses data from a health professionals survey giving over forty-five thousand respondents who did not have gout at the start of the process. Various aspects of diet were monitored^[31-34], and participants reporting incidences of gout^[35] were extracted.

The report describes details of statistical analysis techniques used, referring to several studies, including two statistical dietary analyses^[36-37].

Results

The full report includes more details about results and data obtained, but the key figures are summarized neatly in the chart, which uses the same data as shown in the abstract above.

Discussion

The report closes with a review of related studies^[38-56],and concludes:

Our study was observational; thus, we cannot rule out the possibility that unmeasured factors might contribute to the observed associations. Overall, however, our findings provide prospective evidence that long-term coffee consumption is associated with a lower risk of gout.

Coffee And Gout: Next Steps

You can now see that coffee consumption seems to be good for gout. What we really need is actual case studies on gout patients with acccurate comparisons on different fluids. One glaring omission from this report is any comparison with plain water. The other possibility is the effect of milk, which is often taken in coffee – search for milk in the box near the top of the page if you have not yet discovered the uric acid lowering potential in dairy proteins.

Leave Coffee And Gout to browse Gout Diet Foods To Eat

Coffee And Gout References

It has never been clear to me why people take diet supplements when they have no idea if they help or hinder. Cod liver oil is one such supplement. Gout sufferers ask if it is good or bad. It is not exactly a hot topic, so when I could find no easy answers, I moved on to more pressing matters.

As I have said many times before, it is futile to consider one food item and its effect on gout. You must assess your total food and drink intake, including any supplements, and see if there are weaknesses that may hinder your gout treatment. This worry about single food items, or a small group, is particularly futile if you do not have a gout management plan.

I have lots of pages here about developing a gout management plan, and it is discussed widely in the gout forums. In a nutshell, you should discuss with your doctor what your goals are then agree on a treatment plan, and agree when you will review it. Essentially, you must be clear about the difference between short term pain management, and long term uric acid management. Once you have had a gout attack, they will become progressively worse if you allow uric acid to remain above 5mg/dL (0.30mmol/L).

Some people claim that cod liver oil eases their gout pain. This is all very well, but the key issue is the effect on uric acid. Though my usual source (PubMed), suggests no studies have been done, I did find one relevant investigation. “Platelet Function, Thromboxane Formation and Blood Pressure Control During Supplementation of the Western Diet with Cod Liver Oil” is a very technical study, which I will not review in detail here. It is interesting to note that, as many gout sufferers also have high blood pressure, cod liver oil supplementation at 40ml/day seems to lower blood pressure. The researchers also measured uric acid and found that there was no change.

Whatever reason you have for choosing cod liver oil supplementation, you do not need to worry about effects on gout.

It is never worth worrying about gout and food items, unless you consider your total diet. It is certainly not worth worrying about cod liver oil for gout. If you must worry, save it for your uric acid level – it is a real concern if it is over 5mg/dL (0.30mmol/l), and a bigger concern if you do not know the exact number.

Leave Cod Liver Oil And Gout to browse the Gout Diet pages…

Like toes and ears, fingers are subject to lower temperatures, so these extremities are common targets for tophi.

On my tophi introduction page, I described how a tophus, the singular of tophi, can form in any soft tissue. This page covers gout in and around the finger joints.

Tophi In The Index Finger

It is difficult to say if this is a grouping of several tophi, or a single tophus. It doesn’t really matter, if you have several lumps or one big one, you can be certain that you need to get treatment fast. Early uric acid lowering treatment at maximum dose will ensure that tophi shrink as fast as possible. This can often avoid lancing or other surgical procedures, and dose can be relaxed after a year or so to maintain uric acid at a safe level of 5mg/dL (0.30 mmol/L).

I cannot imagine how difficult it must be to perform everyday tasks with tophi on the fingers. I have experienced swollen joints in my wrist, fingers, and hand, and I know how difficult that made life for me. Best to get your acute gout fixed before it gets tophaceous, so head over to the Gout Treatment department and get your uric acid safe.

More Finger Tophi Photographs

I will add to this list as new pictures of tophi on the fingers become available.

Do you have photographs of tophi or other gout-related images, please share your gout pictures.

Leave Finger Tophi to browse other Tophi pages…

I use the term Gout Remedy to describe a bunch of food and drink items that improve your gout diet and help your gout treatment.

The most famous gout remedy is cherry juice. Water is a close second. And as I’m writing about a bunch of others, we cannot forget onions.

Over the years, there have been several investigations into the properties of onions. Today, I present three brief investigation introductions, and I will create a more complete review for the Gout Remedy Reference pages soon.

Onion Anthocyanins Gout Remedy

Anthocyanins are commonly believed to be the reason why cherries and black been broth helps gout sufferers. As I was researching these plant compounds, I came across an investigation into the role of anthocyanins in medicine^[1].
This investigation includes a small mention of onions in conjunction with other plant sources:

Various products of vegetable origin may be a source of these compounds, particularly fruits of aronia, black currant, raspberry, grapes, apples and also tomatoes, onion, garlic, hawthorn.

Thanks A Scallion

An investigation into antioxidant effects of green leaves from Welsh onion (scallions or spring onions), showed that a water-based extract could inhibit xanthine oxidase activity^[2]. This is the same process by which allopurinol and febuxostat reduce uric acid.

The results showed that aqueous extract of Welsh onion green leaves in the range 0.05–1.0 mg/ml showed a potent concentration-dependent reduction of xanthine oxidase activity [...] The xanthine oxidase activity was measured by detecting uric acid formation.

Onion Uric Acid Gout Remedy

A later investigation looked at the specific effects of onion on uric acid in the blood and xanthine oxidase activity^[3]. Unfortunately, the tests were done on rats, rather than humans, but I imagine killing the subjects to examine their chopped up livers is a limiting factor. I would settle for a blood test to see if similar uric acid reduction is repeatable. In this study, blood uric acid levels were reduced from 3.27 to 1.71 mg/dL after 7 days of 7g onion per kg body weight.

Onion Gout Remedy: Next Steps

These three investigations give strong suggestions that onions are a useful gout remedy to lower uric acid and possibly reduce inflammation. As usual, we need some real world studies on real gout patients. If anyone from an onion marketing organization is reading – get your hand in your pocket.

If you have your own uric acid test meter, you could conduct your own experiments, and share your results in the gout forum.

To stay informed when I update the gout remedy pages, or any other gout news, please subscribe to my free update service.

Leave Know Your Onions to browse more Gout Remedy pages

Onion Gout Remedy: References

1. Title: Anthocyanins in medicine. Authors: Kowalczyk E, Krzesinski P, Kura M, Szmigiel B, Blaszczyk J. Published: Pol J Pharmacol. 2003 Sep-Oct;55(5):699-702.
2. Title: Protective effects of an aqueous extract of Welsh onion green leaves on oxidative damage of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Authors: BS Wang, SS Lin, WC Hsiao, JJ Fan, LF Fuh, PD Duh. Published: Food Chemistry, Volume 98, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 149-157.
3. Title: Effects of onion on serum uric acid levels and hepatic xanthine dehydrogenase/xanthine oxidase activities in hyperuricemic rats. Authors: Haidari F, Rashidi MR, Keshavarz SA, Mahboob SA, Eshraghian MR, Shahi MM. Published: Pak J Biol Sci. 2008 Jul 15;11(14):1779-84.
…